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Job Study Guide

Meeting Job (Job I)

Response to Loss

Erupting I (Job 3)

Erupting II (Job 3)

Friendship I (4-6)

Friendship II (5-6)

Oppressed (6)

Lamenting (7)

Am I the Sea? (7)

Bildad (8)

Job's Dilemma (9)

Despair (9:21-22)

Despair II (9:21-22)

Three "Ifs" (9)

Gloves Off (10)

Job Finishes I (10)

Job Finishes II (10)

Zophar (11)

Overview 12-14

Job 12

Approaching God

Approaching God II

Job 14:1-12

Job 14:13-22

Eliphaz II (15)

15:17-35

Hammering (16)

Hammering II (16)

Hopelessness (17)

Bildad Again (18)

Bildad Again II (18)

Job Speaks (19)

Redeemer (19)

Zophar II (20)

Job Again (21)

Eliphaz Again (22)

Job Speaks (23)

God's Absence (24)

Bildad Ends (25)

Job's Cynicism (26)

Job Finishes (27)

Time Out! (28)

Job 29:1-10

Job 29:11-25

Shame (30:1-15)

To God (30:16-31)

Job's Oath (31)

Job's Oath II (31)

Elihu I (32)

Elihu II (33:1-18)

Elihu III (33:19-33)

Elihu IV (34)

Elihu V (35)

Elihu VI (36:1-15)

Elihu VII (36:15-23)

Elihu VIII (36-37)

Elihu and God

God I (38)

God II (39)

God III (40:1-14)

Behemoth/Leviathan

Leviathan (41)

42:1-6

42:7-9; Job is Right

42:10-17- Restored

Job 32--Elihu I

Bill Long 2/27/05

Surprised by Prose

After Job has finished his words in 31:40, we are ready for God to speak. Indeed, Job has been calling on God for several chapters. If those scholars are correct who maintain that the oath of innocence in ch.31 "compels" God to appear, then we should have expected God to appear forthwith. Instead of that we have the entry of a most curious figure, Elihu, who talks and talks and then talks some more. Again, the scholars who speak of the Book of Job as a literary pastiche are inclined to see chs.32-37 as an imperfectly inserted section into the flow of the Book. I have made my perspective clear on this approach to Job, however. We need to deal with the book as it comes down to us and try to read it as a unified text. So we are confronted with the insistent question: Who is Elihu and what is his function in the text? I would like to advance a tentative hypothesis to get us going with Job 32--Elihu is a sort of "bridge" character who "prepares the way" for God--both for the reader and for Job. He is a character who "softens" Job a little bit by listening to him and suggesting an alternative way to view his distress. But, before I get ahead of myself, let's meet Elihu. This and the next lesson will take us through 32:1-33:7. It takes Elihu this long to "warm up" and say what he intends to say. Let's start with the prose description of Elihu.

32:1-5

1 "So these three men ceased to answer Job, because he was righteous in his own eyes. 2 Then Elihu son of Barachel the Buzite, of the family of Ram, became angry. He was angry at Job because he justified himself rather than God; 3 he was angry also at Job's three friends because they had found no answer, though they had declared Job to be in the wrong. 4 Now Elihu had waited to speak to Job, because they were older than he. 5 But when Elihu saw that there was no answer in the mouths of these three men, he became angry."

A. The text says that the friends gave up speaking to Job because they were disgusted at his sense of self-righteousness. Is that the impression you receive from the third cycle of speeches?

B. Is Job's "self-righteousness" off-putting to you?

C. Count how many times the word "anger" or "angry" appears in these lines. Who else in the Book of Job is angry or is said to be angry? Has the whole world gone mad, so to speak?

D. Why would Elihu be angry at this point?

32:6-14

"6 Elihu son of Barachel the Buzite answered: "I am young in years, and you are aged; therefore I was timid and afraid to declare my opinion to you. 7 I said, 'Let days speak, and many years teach wisdom.' 8 But truly it is the spirit in a mortal, the breath of the Almighty, that makes for understanding. 9 It is not the old that are wise, nor the aged that understand what is right. 10 Therefore I say, 'Listen to me; let me also declare my opinion.' 11 "See, I waited for your words, I listened for your wise sayings, while you searched out what to say. 12 I gave you my attention, but there was in fact no one that confuted Job, no one among you that answered his words. 13 Yet do not say, 'We have found wisdom; God may vanquish him, not a human.' 14 He has not directed his words against me, and I will not answer him with your speeches."

A. Elihu appeals to the "spirit in a mortal" (v.8) rather than to age. Is this a subtle criticism of Eliphaz? But didn't Eliphaz himself emphasize that he had a vision in which "a spirit glided past my face; the hair of my flesh bristled" (4:15)? Do you have any indication at this point of why Elihu finds the friends' words inadequate?

B. How do you characterize Elihu so far? A "fourth" friend? Or do you see him as possibly a helper of Job? If so, could he somehow function as the "witness" that Job wanted (16:19), but instead of being in heaven, this one is on earth?

32:15-22

15 "They are dismayed, they answer no more; they have not a word to say. 16 And am I to wait, because they do not speak, because they stand there, and answer no more? 17 I also will give my answer; I also will declare my opinion. 18 For I am full of words; the spirit within me constrains me. 19 My heart is indeed like wine that has no vent; like new wineskins, it is ready to burst. 20 I must speak, so that I may find relief; I must open my lips and answer. 21 I will not show partiality to any person or use flattery toward anyone. 22 For I do not know how to flatter-- or my Maker would soon put an end to me!"

A. Note that Elihu still hasn't gotten around to what he wants to say, now a whole chapter after he is introduced. What impression are you receiving about him?

B. The word "dismayed," reminds me of the discomfiting of Pharoah's chariots in the mud of the Red Sea before the waters of the Sea closed over them. Here the impression given is that the friends didn't give up on Job because of his self-righteousness. Here the stress is upon what?

C. I love v. 18--"For I am full of words." At least someone is honest here about that! What is the image that you receive from vv.18-20?

D. Compare Elihu's unsuccessful attempt to hold back his words with Jeremiah's ruminations on the same subject in Jer.20:9. What is the spirit in each?

Concluding Thought

Even before Elihu gets to the true subject matter of his thoughts, our attention and our curiosity is piqued. We might even barely suppress a smile. Ironies abound in 32:15ff. and we are not sure whether to see this young man as a puffed-up buffoon or a spirit-inspired sage. Nothing said so far will convince us of either, yet his wordiness is certainly humorous and not a little pretentious. But everyone has lots of words to say in Job, and Elihu should also have his turn.

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Copyright © 2004-2007 William R. Long